Initialization Parameters in Oracle AI Database 26ai: Groups and Modify Levels

 ested on Oracle AI Database 26ai Enterprise Edition 23.26.3.0.0, connected to a PDB. Every number here was read from the live database. Oracle adds and removes parameters in each release, so run the queries on your own version rather than relying on these counts.

Companion post: Hidden Parameters in Oracle 26ai

Appendix A at the end has the complete list of all 568 documented parameters, with type, value, level, PDB/RAC modifiability, flags, and description.

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How many parameters are there?

From X$KSPPI, the internal list of all parameters:

Kind	Count
Documented	568
Hidden (_name)	7,076
Auto-maintained (__name)	61
Total	7,705

V$PARAMETER shows 564 rows in this PDB: the documented parameters that apply here, plus any hidden ones that have been explicitly set. This post covers the documented ones. The hidden ones are covered in the companion post.

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Modify levels: where and when can a parameter be changed?

V$PARAMETER has four flags that together describe how a parameter can be changed:

Column	Values	Meaning
ISSES_MODIFIABLE	TRUE/FALSE	Can be changed with ALTER SESSION (for your session only)
ISSYS_MODIFIABLE	IMMEDIATE / DEFERRED / FALSE	ALTER SYSTEM takes effect now (IMMEDIATE), only for new sessions (DEFERRED), or not at all without a restart (FALSE)
ISPDB_MODIFIABLE	TRUE/FALSE	Can be set inside a PDB, with a value specific to that PDB
ISINSTANCE_MODIFIABLE	TRUE/FALSE	Can be set per RAC instance (SID='inst1'). FALSE means all instances must share one value

In this post I combine them into one level per parameter:

Level	How to change it	Scope
SESSION	ALTER SESSION SET ... (also ALTER SYSTEM)	One session, or the whole instance
SYSTEM (immediate)	ALTER SYSTEM SET ... SCOPE=BOTH	Whole instance, right away
SYSTEM (deferred)	ALTER SYSTEM SET ... DEFERRED	Whole instance, new sessions only
STATIC	ALTER SYSTEM SET ... SCOPE=SPFILE + restart	Instance or database, after a restart

PDB and RAC instance modifiability are separate yes/no flags on top of the level.

Levels of documented parameters (26ai)

Level	Count	Of which PDB-modifiable
SESSION	228	155
SYSTEM (immediate)	225	111
STATIC	110	21
SYSTEM (deferred)	5	3

In V$PARAMETER, 420 of 564 are RAC instance-modifiable and 144 must match across instances.

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Grouping by functional area

Oracle doesn't store a category for each parameter, so I grouped them by name pattern (optimizer_*, parallel_*, nls_*, and so on). The grouping is my own, and anything that doesn't match a pattern falls into "Other".

Area	Total	SESSION	SYSTEM imm.	SYSTEM def.	STATIC	PDB-mod
Redo / archive / recovery / DG	97	64	29	0	4	5
Optimizer / SQL / cursor	51	41	9	0	1	48
Database / storage / undo	37	11	15	0	11	20
Memory	33	4	20	0	9	9
Security / audit	29	2	11	2	14	12
Diagnostics / manageability	18	5	11	0	2	5
NLS / globalization	17	17	0	0	0	17
In-Memory	17	5	12	0	0	14
Multitenant	15	3	6	0	6	11
Parallel execution	13	7	5	0	1	8
RAC / instance	11	0	2	0	9	0
Network / connections	10	0	10	0	0	5
AI Vector Search	3	2	1	0	0	3
ASM	2	1	1	0	0	1
Other	210	65	91	3	51	132

Some patterns stand out:

• NLS: all 17 are SESSION and PDB-modifiable. Language and territory are a per-user matter.
• Optimizer: 41 of 51 are SESSION, and 48 of 51 are PDB-modifiable. You can test optimizer behavior in one session without touching anyone else.
• RAC / instance: 9 of 11 are STATIC and none are PDB-modifiable. Cluster topology is set at startup.
• Security / audit: about half (14 of 29) are STATIC. Settings like remote_login_passwordfile shouldn't change underneath running sessions.
• Redo / archive: 64 of 97 are SESSION. That's mostly the many log_archive_dest_n and log_archive_dest_state_n parameters, which Oracle allows in ALTER SESSION.

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The 30 "basic" parameters

V$PARAMETER.ISBASIC = 'TRUE' marks the parameters Oracle says most databases need to set. In 26ai there are 30 (the other 534 are "advanced"):

Level	Basic parameters (PDB-modifiable in bold)
SESSION	db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_dest_1, db_create_online_log_dest_2, log_archive_dest_1, log_archive_dest_2, log_archive_dest_state_1, log_archive_dest_state_2, nls_language, nls_territory, star_transformation_enabled
SYSTEM (immediate)	compatible*, db_recovery_file_dest, db_recovery_file_dest_size, open_cursors, pga_aggregate_target, processes*, remote_listener, sessions, sga_target, shared_servers, undo_tablespace
STATIC	cluster_database, control_files, db_block_size, db_domain, db_name, db_unique_name, instance_number, ldap_directory_sysauth, remote_login_passwordfile

* compatible and processes report ISSYS_MODIFIABLE = IMMEDIATE (I checked the raw flags), but the Reference guide documents both as needing SCOPE=SPFILE and a restart. I didn't try changing them on this database. Treat the flags as a guide, not a guarantee, and check the Reference guide for the parameters that matter.

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What's set in this PDB

Non-default documented parameters here:

awr_pdb_max_parallel_slaves  5
compatible                   23.6.0
control_files                /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL23/control01.ctl, ...
db_block_size                8192
db_name                      orcl23
db_recovery_file_dest        /u01/fra
db_recovery_file_dest_size   21474836480
diagnostic_dest              /u01/app/oracle
dispatchers                  (PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orcl23XDB)
enable_pluggable_database    TRUE
job_queue_processes          8
local_listener               LISTENER_ORCL23
nls_language                 AMERICAN
nls_territory                AMERICA
open_cursors                 300
parallel_min_servers         4
pga_aggregate_target         1048576000
processes                    320
remote_login_passwordfile    EXCLUSIVE
sga_target                   0
spatial_vector_acceleration  TRUE
undo_tablespace              UNDOTBS1

compatible = 23.6.0 in a 23.26.3 database is worth noticing: the compatibility level is set lower than the software release, so new features that depend on a higher compatible value aren't available until it's raised. Raising compatible can't be undone.

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Queries to run on your own version

Level and PDB flag for every parameter:

SELECT name,
       CASE WHEN isses_modifiable = 'TRUE'      THEN 'SESSION'
            WHEN issys_modifiable = 'IMMEDIATE' THEN 'SYSTEM_IMMEDIATE'
            WHEN issys_modifiable = 'DEFERRED'  THEN 'SYSTEM_DEFERRED'
            ELSE 'STATIC' END     AS lvl,
       ispdb_modifiable           AS pdb,
       isinstance_modifiable      AS rac_instance,
       isbasic, isdefault, value
FROM   v$parameter
ORDER  BY lvl, name;

Summary by level:

SELECT CASE WHEN isses_modifiable = 'TRUE'      THEN 'SESSION'
            WHEN issys_modifiable = 'IMMEDIATE' THEN 'SYSTEM_IMMEDIATE'
            WHEN issys_modifiable = 'DEFERRED'  THEN 'SYSTEM_DEFERRED'
            ELSE 'STATIC' END AS lvl,
       COUNT(*) total,
       SUM(DECODE(ispdb_modifiable,'TRUE',1,0)) pdb_modifiable
FROM   v$parameter
GROUP  BY CASE WHEN isses_modifiable = 'TRUE'      THEN 'SESSION'
               WHEN issys_modifiable = 'IMMEDIATE' THEN 'SYSTEM_IMMEDIATE'
               WHEN issys_modifiable = 'DEFERRED'  THEN 'SYSTEM_DEFERRED'
               ELSE 'STATIC' END
ORDER  BY total DESC;

What you've changed (compare with the spfile using V$SPPARAMETER):

SELECT name, value FROM v$parameter WHERE isdefault = 'FALSE' ORDER BY name;

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Takeaways

• 26ai has 568 documented parameters, and only 30 are "basic".
• The combination of ISSES_MODIFIABLE, ISSYS_MODIFIABLE, ISPDB_MODIFIABLE and ISINSTANCE_MODIFIABLE tells you whether a change is per session, instance-wide now, instance-wide for new sessions, or needs a restart, and whether a PDB or a single RAC instance can have its own value.
• Optimizer and NLS parameters are almost all session-level and PDB-modifiable, so they can be tested safely in one session.
• RAC topology and many security parameters are static. Plan a restart.
• The flags are a guide. A few parameters (compatible, processes) behave more strictly than their flags suggest.

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Appendix A: Complete list of documented parameters

All 568 documented parameters in Oracle AI Database 26ai 23.26.3.0.0, extracted from X$KSPPI / X$KSPPCV as SYSDBA in a PDB. Sorted alphabetically. Regenerate this list for another release with scripts/params_extract.sql and scripts/gen_param_appendix.py.

Column legend

Column	Meaning
Type	Boolean, String, Integer, Big integer, or Parameter file
Value	Current value in this PDB (X$KSPPCV.KSPPSTVL). For parameters at their default, this is the effective default. Long values are truncated with …
At default?	yes = never changed. no = explicitly set; "was" shows Oracle's recorded default (KSPPSTDFL), which for some parameters is a template such as NONE rather than the effective value
Level	SESSION = ALTER SESSION (and ALTER SYSTEM); SYSTEM imm. = ALTER SYSTEM, takes effect now; SYSTEM def. = ALTER SYSTEM ... DEFERRED, new sessions only; STATIC = SCOPE=SPFILE + restart
PDB	Y = can be set inside a PDB with a PDB-specific value
RAC inst.	Y = can differ per RAC instance (SID='...'); N = must be the same on all instances
Flags	basic = one of Oracle's "basic" parameters; deprecated = marked deprecated in this release
Description	Oracle's internal one-line description (X$KSPPI.KSPPDESC), as-is

A.1 Parameters by area

Area	Count	Parameters
Optimizer / SQL / cursor	51	cursor_bind_capture_destination, cursor_invalidation, cursor_sharing, cursor_space_for_time, open_cursors, optimizer_adaptive_plans, optimizer_adaptive_reporting_only, optimizer_adaptive_statistics, optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines, optimizer_capture_sql_quarantine, optimizer_cross_shard_resiliency, optimizer_dynamic_sampling, optimizer_features_enable, optimizer_ignore_hints, optimizer_ignore_parallel_hints, optimizer_index_caching, optimizer_index_cost_adj, optimizer_inmemory_aware, optimizer_mode, optimizer_real_time_statistics, optimizer_secure_view_merging, optimizer_session_type, optimizer_use_invisible_indexes, optimizer_use_pending_statistics, optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines, optimizer_use_sql_quarantine, plsql_ccflags, plsql_code_type, plsql_debug, plsql_function_dynamic_stats, plsql_implicit_conversion_bool, plsql_optimize_level, plsql_v2_compatibility, plsql_warnings, query_rewrite_enabled, query_rewrite_integrity, result_cache_auto_blocklist, result_cache_execution_threshold, result_cache_integrity, result_cache_max_result, result_cache_max_size, result_cache_max_temp_result, result_cache_max_temp_size, result_cache_mode, result_cache_remote_expiration, session_cached_cursors, sql_error_mitigation, sql_history_enabled, sql_trace, sql_transpiler, star_transformation_enabled
Parallel execution	13	parallel_adaptive_multi_user, parallel_degree_limit, parallel_degree_policy, parallel_execution_message_size, parallel_force_local, parallel_instance_group, parallel_max_servers, parallel_min_degree, parallel_min_percent, parallel_min_servers, parallel_min_time_threshold, parallel_servers_target, parallel_threads_per_cpu
Memory	33	buffer_pool_keep, buffer_pool_recycle, db_16k_cache_size, db_2k_cache_size, db_32k_cache_size, db_4k_cache_size, db_8k_cache_size, db_block_buffers, db_cache_advice, db_cache_size, db_flash_cache_size, db_keep_cache_size, db_recycle_cache_size, hash_area_size, java_pool_size, large_pool_size, lock_sga, memory_max_size, memory_max_target, memory_size, memory_target, pga_aggregate_limit, pga_aggregate_target, sga_max_size, sga_min_size, sga_target, shared_pool_reserved_size, shared_pool_size, sort_area_retained_size, sort_area_size, streams_pool_size, use_large_pages, workarea_size_policy
Redo / archive / recovery / DG	97	archive_lag_target, db_lost_write_protect, db_recovery_auto_rekey, db_recovery_file_dest, db_recovery_file_dest_size, db_unique_name, dg_broker_config_file1, dg_broker_config_file2, dg_broker_start, fal_client, fal_server, fast_start_io_target, fast_start_mttr_target, fast_start_parallel_rollback, log_archive_config, log_archive_dest, log_archive_dest_1, log_archive_dest_10, log_archive_dest_11, log_archive_dest_12, log_archive_dest_13, log_archive_dest_14, log_archive_dest_15, log_archive_dest_16, log_archive_dest_17, log_archive_dest_18, log_archive_dest_19, log_archive_dest_2, log_archive_dest_20, log_archive_dest_21, log_archive_dest_22, log_archive_dest_23, log_archive_dest_24, log_archive_dest_25, log_archive_dest_26, log_archive_dest_27, log_archive_dest_28, log_archive_dest_29, log_archive_dest_3, log_archive_dest_30, log_archive_dest_31, log_archive_dest_4, log_archive_dest_5, log_archive_dest_6, log_archive_dest_7, log_archive_dest_8, log_archive_dest_9, log_archive_dest_state_1, log_archive_dest_state_10, log_archive_dest_state_11, log_archive_dest_state_12, log_archive_dest_state_13, log_archive_dest_state_14, log_archive_dest_state_15, log_archive_dest_state_16, log_archive_dest_state_17, log_archive_dest_state_18, log_archive_dest_state_19, log_archive_dest_state_2, log_archive_dest_state_20, log_archive_dest_state_21, log_archive_dest_state_22, log_archive_dest_state_23, log_archive_dest_state_24, log_archive_dest_state_25, log_archive_dest_state_26, log_archive_dest_state_27, log_archive_dest_state_28, log_archive_dest_state_29, log_archive_dest_state_3, log_archive_dest_state_30, log_archive_dest_state_31, log_archive_dest_state_4, log_archive_dest_state_5, log_archive_dest_state_6, log_archive_dest_state_7, log_archive_dest_state_8, log_archive_dest_state_9, log_archive_duplex_dest, log_archive_format, log_archive_max_processes, log_archive_min_succeed_dest, log_archive_trace, log_buffer, log_checkpoint_interval, log_checkpoint_timeout, log_checkpoints_to_alert, log_file_name_convert, log_redo_prioritization, recovery_parallelism, redo_generation_kbps_max, redo_transport_user, standby_db_preserve_states, standby_file_management, standby_parse_limit_seconds, standby_pdb_source_file_dblink, standby_pdb_source_file_directory
NLS / globalization	17	nls_calendar, nls_comp, nls_currency, nls_date_format, nls_date_language, nls_dual_currency, nls_iso_currency, nls_language, nls_length_semantics, nls_nchar_conv_excp, nls_numeric_characters, nls_sort, nls_territory, nls_time_format, nls_time_tz_format, nls_timestamp_format, nls_timestamp_tz_format
In-Memory	17	inmemory_adg_enabled, inmemory_automatic_level, inmemory_clause_default, inmemory_deep_vectorization, inmemory_expressions_usage, inmemory_force, inmemory_graph_algorithm_execution, inmemory_max_populate_servers, inmemory_optimized_arithmetic, inmemory_optimized_date, inmemory_prefer_xmem_memcompress, inmemory_prefer_xmem_priority, inmemory_query, inmemory_size, inmemory_trickle_repopulate_servers_percent, inmemory_virtual_columns, inmemory_xmem_size
AI Vector Search	3	vector_index_neighbor_graph_reload, vector_memory_size, vector_query_capture
Security / audit	29	allow_global_dblinks, allow_group_access_to_sga, allow_legacy_reco_protocol, allow_rowid_column_type, allow_weak_crypto, audit_file_dest, audit_sys_operations, audit_syslog_level, audit_trail, encrypt_new_tablespaces, ldap_directory_access, ldap_directory_sysauth, ofs_threads, os_authent_prefix, os_roles, outbound_dblink_protocols, remote_login_passwordfile, resource_limit, sec_max_failed_login_attempts, sec_protocol_error_further_action, sec_protocol_error_trace_action, sec_return_server_release_banner, sql92_security, tde_configuration, tde_key_cache, unified_audit_common_systemlog, unified_audit_systemlog, unified_audit_trail_exclude_columns, wallet_root
Multitenant	15	cdb_cluster, cdb_cluster_name, common_user_prefix, enable_pluggable_database, max_idle_blocker_time, max_idle_time, max_iops, max_mbps, max_pdbs, pdb_file_name_convert, pdb_lockdown, pdb_os_credential, pdb_tde_key_transport_on_rekey, pdb_template, target_pdbs
RAC / instance	11	cluster_database, cluster_interconnects, gcs_server_processes, instance_abort_delay_time, instance_groups, instance_mode, instance_name, instance_number, instance_type, thread, threaded_execution
ASM	7	asm_diskgroups, asm_diskstring, asm_io_processes, asm_power_limit, asm_preferred_read_failure_groups, asm_unified_audit_destination, asm_unified_audit_level
Diagnostics / manageability	18	awr_pdb_autoflush_enabled, awr_pdb_max_parallel_slaves, awr_snapshot_time_offset, background_core_dump, background_dump_dest, control_management_pack_access, core_dump_dest, diagnostic_dest, diagnostics_control, event, max_dump_file_size, statistics_level, timed_os_statistics, timed_statistics, trace_enabled, tracefile_content_classification, tracefile_identifier, user_dump_dest
Database / storage / undo	37	compatible, control_file_record_keep_time, control_files, db_big_table_cache_percent_target, db_block_checking, db_block_checksum, db_block_size, db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_dest_1, db_create_online_log_dest_2, db_create_online_log_dest_3, db_create_online_log_dest_4, db_create_online_log_dest_5, db_domain, db_file_multiblock_read_count, db_file_name_convert, db_files, db_flash_cache_file, db_flashback_log_dest, db_flashback_log_dest_size, db_flashback_retention_target, db_index_compression_inheritance, db_name, db_performance_profile, db_securefile, db_ultra_safe, db_unrecoverable_scn_tracking, db_writer_processes, dml_locks, job_queue_processes, processes, sessions, transactions, transactions_per_rollback_segment, undo_management, undo_retention, undo_tablespace
Network / connections	10	connection_brokers, dispatchers, forward_listener, listener_networks, local_listener, max_shared_servers, remote_listener, service_names, shared_server_sessions, shared_servers
Other	210	adg_account_info_tracking, adg_redirect_dml, alert_log_max_size, approx_for_aggregation, approx_for_count_distinct, approx_for_percentile, aq_tm_processes, auto_start_pdb_services, autotask_max_active_pdbs, backup_tape_io_slaves, bitmap_merge_area_size, blank_trimming, blockchain_table_max_no_drop, blockchain_table_retention_threshold, calendar_fiscal_year_start, cell_offload_compaction, cell_offload_decryption, cell_offload_parameters, cell_offload_plan_display, cell_offload_processing, cell_offloadgroup_name, circuits, client_prefetch_rows, client_result_cache_lag, client_result_cache_size, client_statistics_level, clonedb, clonedb_dir, cloud_table_commit_threshold, commit_logging, commit_point_strength, commit_wait, commit_write, container_data, containers_parallel_degree, cpu_count, cpu_min_count, create_bitmap_area_size, create_stored_outlines, data_guard_max_io_time, data_guard_max_longio_time, data_guard_sync_latency, data_transfer_cache_size, datalake_accelerator_config, dbfips_140, dbnest_enable, dbnest_pdb_fs_conf, dbwr_io_slaves, ddl_lock_timeout, debug_log_max_size, default_credential, default_sharing, deferred_segment_creation, directory_prefixes_allowed, disable_pdb_feature, disk_asynch_io, distributed_lock_timeout, dnfs_batch_size, drcp_connection_limit, drcp_dedicated_opt, dst_upgrade_insert_conv, enable_automatic_maintenance_pdb, enable_ddl_logging, enable_dnfs_dispatcher, enable_goldengate_replication, enable_imc_with_mira, enable_per_pdb_drcp, enabled_pdbs_on_standby, error_message_details, external_keystore_credential_location, file_mapping, fileio_network_adapters, filesystemio_options, fixed_date, global_names, global_txn_processes, group_by_position_enabled, heartbeat_batch_size, heat_map, hi_shared_memory_address, hs_autoregister, http_proxy, hybrid_read_only, identity_provider_config, identity_provider_oauth_config, identity_provider_type, ifile, ignore_session_set_param_errors, instant_restore, iorm_limit_policy, ipddb_enable, java_jit_enabled, java_max_sessionspace_size, java_restrict, java_soft_sessionspace_limit, json_behavior, json_expression_check, kafka_config_file, license_max_sessions, license_max_users, license_sessions_warning, load_without_compile, lob_signature_enable, lock_name_space, lockdown_errors, lockfree_reservation, long_module_action, main_workload_type, mandatory_user_profile, max_auth_servers, max_columns, max_datapump_jobs_per_pdb, max_datapump_parallel_per_job, max_dispatchers, max_saga_duration, max_string_size, memoptimize_pool_size, memoptimize_write_area_size, memoptimize_writes, mfa_duo_api_host, mfa_oma_iam_domain_url, mfa_sender_email_displayname, mfa_sender_email_id, mfa_smtp_host, mfa_smtp_port, min_auth_servers, mle_prog_languages, multishard_query_data_consistency, multishard_query_partial_results, native_blockchain_features, noncdb_compatible, object_cache_max_size_percent, object_cache_optimal_size, olap_page_pool_size, one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde, open_links, open_links_per_instance, paranoid_concurrency_mode, pdc_file_size, permit_92_wrap_format, pkcs11_library_location, pki_cert_auth_method, plscope_settings, pmem_filestore, pre_page_sga, priority_txns_high_wait_target, priority_txns_medium_wait_target, priority_txns_mode, private_temp_table_prefix, processor_group_name, rdbms_server_dn, read_only, read_only_open_delayed, recyclebin, remote_dependencies_mode, remote_os_roles, remote_recovery_file_dest, replication_dependency_tracking, resource_manage_goldengate, resource_manager_cpu_allocation, resource_manager_cpu_scope, resource_manager_plan, resumable_timeout, rman_restore_file_storage_metadata, rollback_segments, row_movement_default, run_addm_for_awr_report, saga_hist_retention, saga_msg_framework, scheduler_follow_pdbtz, serial_reuse, session_exit_on_package_state_error, session_max_open_files, shadow_core_dump, shard_apply_max_memory_size, shard_enable_raft_follower_read, shard_queries_restricted_by_key, shard_raft_logfile_size, shared_memory_address, shrd_dupl_table_refresh_rate, skip_unusable_indexes, smtp_out_server, soda_behavior, spatial_vector_acceleration, spfile, sqltune_category, ssl_wallet, statement_redirect_service, sysdate_at_dbtimezone, tablespace_encryption, tablespace_encryption_default_algorithm, tablespace_encryption_default_cipher_mode, tape_asynch_io, temp_undo_enabled, time_at_dbtimezone, timezone_version_upgrade_integrity, timezone_version_upgrade_online, transaction_recovery, true_cache, true_cache_config, txn_auto_rollback_high_priority_wait_target, txn_auto_rollback_medium_priority_wait_target, txn_auto_rollback_mode, txn_priority, uniform_log_timestamp_format, use_dedicated_broker, xml_client_side_decoding, xml_db_events, xml_handling_of_invalid_chars, xml_params

A.2 All 568 documented parameters

Name	Type	Value	At default?	Level	PDB	RAC inst.	Flags	Description
adg_account_info_tracking	String	LOCAL	yes	STATIC	Y	N		ADG user account info tracked in standby(LOCAL) or in Primary(GLOBAL)
adg_redirect_dml	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enable DML Redirection from ADG
alert_log_max_size	Big integer	1048576000	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Alert-log maximum total size
allow_global_dblinks	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		LDAP lookup for DBLINKS
allow_group_access_to_sga	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Allow read access for SGA to users of Oracle owner group
allow_legacy_reco_protocol	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	Y	N		Should the database allow the legacy RECO protocol
allow_rowid_column_type	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Allow creation of rowid column
allow_weak_crypto	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Allow weak crypto usage in DBMS_CRYPTO
approx_for_aggregation	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Replace exact aggregation with approximate aggregation
approx_for_count_distinct	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Replace count distinct with approx_count_distinct
approx_for_percentile	String	NONE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Replace percentile_* with approx_percentile
aq_tm_processes	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		number of AQ Time Managers to start
archive_lag_target	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Maximum number of seconds of redos the standby could lose
asm_diskgroups	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		disk groups to mount automatically
asm_diskstring	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		disk set locations for discovery
asm_io_processes	Integer	20	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		number of I/O processes per domain in the ASM IOSERVER instance
asm_power_limit	Integer	1	yes	SESSION	N	Y		number of parallel relocations for disk rebalancing
asm_preferred_read_failure_groups	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	preferred read failure groups
asm_unified_audit_destination	String	SYSTEMLOG	yes	STATIC	N	N		Configuring ASM Unified Audit Destination
asm_unified_audit_level	String	BASIC	yes	STATIC	N	N		Configuring ASM Unified Audit Level
audit_file_dest	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/rdbms/audit	yes	SYSTEM def.	N	Y	deprecated	Directory in which auditing files are to reside
audit_sys_operations	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	enable sys auditing
audit_syslog_level	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	Syslog facility and level
audit_trail	String	NONE	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	enable system auditing
auto_start_pdb_services	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Automatically start all PDB services on PDB Open
autotask_max_active_pdbs	Integer	2	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Setting for Autotask Maximum Maintenance PDBs
awr_pdb_autoflush_enabled	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enable/Disable AWR automatic PDB flushing
awr_pdb_max_parallel_slaves	Integer	5	no (was 10)	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum concurrent AWR PDB MMON slaves per instance
awr_snapshot_time_offset	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Setting for AWR Snapshot Time Offset
background_core_dump	String	partial	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Core Size for Background Processes
background_dump_dest	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/rdbms/log	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	Detached process dump directory
backup_tape_io_slaves	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM def.	N	Y		BACKUP Tape I/O slaves
bitmap_merge_area_size	Integer	1048576	yes	STATIC	Y	N		maximum memory allow for BITMAP MERGE
blank_trimming	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	Y	N		blank trimming semantics parameter
blockchain_table_max_no_drop	Integer		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum idle retention minutes for blockchain tables
blockchain_table_retention_threshold	Integer	16	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum retention without TABLE RETENTION privilege
buffer_pool_keep	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	Number of database blocks/latches in keep buffer pool
buffer_pool_recycle	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	Number of database blocks/latches in recycle buffer pool
calendar_fiscal_year_start	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Start of fiscal year
cdb_cluster	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		if TRUE startup in CDB Cluster mode
cdb_cluster_name	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		CDB Cluster name
cell_offload_compaction	String	ADAPTIVE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Cell packet compaction strategy
cell_offload_decryption	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		enable SQL processing offload of encrypted data to cells
cell_offload_parameters	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Additional cell offload parameters
cell_offload_plan_display	String	AUTO	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Cell offload explain plan display
cell_offload_processing	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable SQL processing offload to cells
cell_offloadgroup_name	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Set the offload group name
circuits	Integer		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		max number of circuits
client_prefetch_rows	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Client prefetch rows value
client_result_cache_lag	Big integer	3000	yes	STATIC	Y	N		client result cache maximum lag in milliseconds
client_result_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	STATIC	Y	N		client result cache max size in bytes
client_statistics_level	String	TYPICAL	yes	SYSTEM def.	Y	Y		Client Statistics Level
clonedb	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		clone database
clonedb_dir	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		CloneDB Directory
cloud_table_commit_threshold	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		export threshold (row count) for buffered cloud table
cluster_database	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N	basic	if TRUE startup in cluster database mode
cluster_interconnects	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		interconnects for RAC use
commit_logging	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		transaction commit log write behaviour
commit_point_strength	Integer	1	yes	STATIC	Y	N		Bias this node has toward not preparing in a two-phase commit
commit_wait	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		transaction commit log wait behaviour
commit_write	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y	deprecated	transaction commit log write behaviour
common_user_prefix	String		yes	STATIC	Y	N		Enforce restriction on a prefix of a Common User/Role/Profile name
compatible	String	23.6.0	no (was 23.6.0)	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	basic	Database will be completely compatible with this software version
connection_brokers	String	((TYPE=DEDICATED)(BROKERS=2)(CONNECTIONS=2000)), ((TYPE=EMO…	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		connection brokers specification
container_data	String	ALL	yes	SESSION	Y	N		which containers should data be returned from?
containers_parallel_degree	Integer	65535	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Parallel degree for a CONTAINERS() query
control_file_record_keep_time	Integer	7	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		control file record keep time in days
control_files	String	/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL23/control01.ctl, /u01/app/orac…	no (was ?=/dbs/cntrl@.dbf)	STATIC	N	N	basic	control file names list
control_management_pack_access	String	DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		declares which manageability packs are enabled
core_dump_dest	String	/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl23/orcl23/cdump	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Core dump directory
cpu_count	String	4	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum number of CPUs
cpu_min_count	String	4	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		minimum number of CPUs required
create_bitmap_area_size	Integer	8388608	yes	STATIC	Y	N		size of create bitmap buffer for bitmap index
create_stored_outlines	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		create stored outlines for DML statements
cursor_bind_capture_destination	String	memory+disk	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Allowed destination for captured bind variables
cursor_invalidation	String	IMMEDIATE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		default for DDL cursor invalidation semantics
cursor_sharing	String	EXACT	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		cursor sharing mode
cursor_space_for_time	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	use more memory in order to get faster execution
data_guard_max_io_time	Integer	240	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum I/O time before process considered hung
data_guard_max_longio_time	Integer	240	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum long I/O time before process considered hung
data_guard_sync_latency	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Data Guard SYNC latency
data_transfer_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of data transfer cache
datalake_accelerator_config	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Data Lake Accelerator configuration map
db_16k_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for 16K buffers
db_2k_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for 2K buffers
db_32k_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for 32K buffers
db_4k_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for 4K buffers
db_8k_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for 8K buffers
db_big_table_cache_percent_target	String	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Big table cache target size in percentage
db_block_buffers	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	Number of database blocks cached in memory
db_block_checking	String	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		header checking and data and index block checking
db_block_checksum	String	TYPICAL	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		store checksum in db blocks and check during reads
db_block_size	Integer	8192	no (was 8192)	STATIC	N	N	basic	Size of database block in bytes
db_cache_advice	String	ON	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Buffer cache sizing advisory
db_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Size of DEFAULT buffer pool for standard block size buffers
db_create_file_dest	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y	basic	default database location
db_create_online_log_dest_1	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y	basic	online log/controlfile destination #1
db_create_online_log_dest_2	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y	basic	online log/controlfile destination #2
db_create_online_log_dest_3	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		online log/controlfile destination #3
db_create_online_log_dest_4	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		online log/controlfile destination #4
db_create_online_log_dest_5	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		online log/controlfile destination #5
db_domain	String		no (was )	STATIC	Y	N	basic	directory part of global database name stored with CREATE DATABASE
db_file_multiblock_read_count	Integer	128	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		db block to be read each IO
db_file_name_convert	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		datafile name convert patterns and strings for standby/clone db
db_files	Integer	200	yes	STATIC	Y	N		max allowable # db files
db_flash_cache_file	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		flash cache file for default block size
db_flash_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		flash cache size for db_flash_cache_file
db_flashback_log_dest	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	N		Separate creation directory for flashback database logs
db_flashback_log_dest_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	N		Size limit of separate creation directory for flashback database logs
db_flashback_retention_target	Integer	1440	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	N		Maximum Flashback Database log retention time in minutes.
db_index_compression_inheritance	String	NONE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		options for table or tablespace level compression inheritance
db_keep_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of KEEP buffer pool for standard block size buffers
db_lost_write_protect	String	AUTO	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		enable lost write detection
db_name	String	orcl23	no (was NONE)	STATIC	N	N	basic	database name specified in CREATE DATABASE
db_performance_profile	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Database performance category
db_recovery_auto_rekey	String	ON	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enable automatic tablespace rekey recovery
db_recovery_file_dest	String	/u01/fra	no (was NONE)	SYSTEM imm.	N	N	basic	default database recovery file location
db_recovery_file_dest_size	Big integer	21474836480	no (was 0)	SYSTEM imm.	N	N	basic	database recovery files size limit
db_recycle_cache_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of RECYCLE buffer pool for standard block size buffers
db_securefile	String	PREFERRED	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		permit securefile storage during lob creation
db_ultra_safe	String	OFF	yes	STATIC	N	N		Sets defaults for other parameters that control protection levels
db_unique_name	String	orcl23	yes	STATIC	N	N	basic	Database Unique Name
db_unrecoverable_scn_tracking	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Track nologging SCN in controlfile
db_writer_processes	Integer	1	yes	STATIC	N	N		number of background database writer processes to start
DBFIPS_140	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Enable use of crypographic libraries in FIPS mode, public
dbnest_enable	String	NONE	yes	STATIC	N	N		database Nest enable
dbnest_pdb_fs_conf	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		PDB Filesystem configuration
dbwr_io_slaves	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		DBWR I/O slaves
ddl_lock_timeout	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		timeout to restrict the time that ddls wait for dml lock
debug_log_max_size	Big integer	1048576000	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Debug-log maximum total size
default_credential	String		yes	SESSION	N	N		default credential session parameter
default_sharing	String	metadata	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Default sharing clause
deferred_segment_creation	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		defer segment creation to first insert
dg_broker_config_file1	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/dbs/dr1orcl23.dat	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		data guard broker configuration file #1
dg_broker_config_file2	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/dbs/dr2orcl23.dat	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		data guard broker configuration file #2
dg_broker_start	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	N		start Data Guard broker (DMON process)
diagnostic_dest	String	/u01/app/oracle	no (was ?#/log)	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		diagnostic base directory
diagnostics_control	String	IGNORE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		controls response when 'enabling diagnostics' privilege is absent
directory_prefixes_allowed	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Allowed prefixes for directory paths created inside the PDB
disable_pdb_feature	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Disable features
disk_asynch_io	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Use asynch I/O for random access devices
dispatchers	String	(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orcl23XDB)	no (was )	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		specifications of dispatchers
distributed_lock_timeout	Integer	60	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		number of seconds a distributed transaction waits for a lock
dml_locks	Integer	2216	yes	STATIC	N	N		dml locks - one for each table modified in a transaction
dnfs_batch_size	Integer	4096	yes	STATIC	N	N		Max number of dNFS asynch I/O requests queued per session
drcp_connection_limit	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		DRCP connection limit
drcp_dedicated_opt	String	NO	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Turn on/off dedicated optimization for DRCP
dst_upgrade_insert_conv	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Enables/Disables internal conversions during DST upgrade
enable_automatic_maintenance_pdb	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enable/Disable Automated Maintenance for Non-Root PDB
enable_ddl_logging	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable ddl logging
enable_dnfs_dispatcher	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Enable DNFS Dispatcher
enable_goldengate_replication	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	N		goldengate replication enabled
enable_imc_with_mira	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enable IMC with multi instance redo apply
enable_per_pdb_drcp	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Turn on/off per PDB DRCP
enable_pluggable_database	Boolean	TRUE	no (was TRUE)	STATIC	N	N		Enable Pluggable Database
enabled_PDBs_on_standby	String	*	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		List of Enabled PDB patterns
encrypt_new_tablespaces	String	CLOUD_ONLY	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	whether to encrypt newly created tablespaces
error_message_details	String	ON	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		print additional explanatory error details
event	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		debug event control - default null string
external_keystore_credential_location	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		external keystore credential location
fal_client	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		FAL client
fal_server	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		FAL server list
fast_start_io_target	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	Upper bound on recovery reads
fast_start_mttr_target	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		MTTR target in seconds
fast_start_parallel_rollback	String	LOW	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		max number of parallel recovery slaves that may be used
file_mapping	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enable file mapping
fileio_network_adapters	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		Network Adapters for File I/O
filesystemio_options	String	none	yes	STATIC	N	N		IO operations on filesystem files
fixed_date	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		fixed SYSDATE value
forward_listener	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		forward listener
gcs_server_processes	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		number of background gcs server processes to start
global_names	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enforce that database links have same name as remote database
global_txn_processes	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		number of background global transaction processes to start
group_by_position_enabled	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable/disable group by position
hash_area_size	Integer	131072	yes	SESSION	N	N		size of in-memory hash work area
heartbeat_batch_size	Integer	5	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Number of heartbeats to be sent in a batch
heat_map	String	OFF	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		ILM Heatmap Tracking
hi_shared_memory_address	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		SGA starting address (high order 32-bits on 64-bit platforms)
hs_autoregister	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enable automatic server DD updates in HS agent self-registration
http_proxy	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		http_proxy
hybrid_read_only	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Hybrid read only mode allows CDB common user to patch the PDB
identity_provider_config	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Identity Provider Configuration
identity_provider_oauth_config	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Identity Provider OAuth Config
identity_provider_type	String	NONE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Identity Provider Type
ifile	Parameter file		yes	STATIC	N	N		include file in init.ora
ignore_session_set_param_errors	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Ignore errors during alter session param set
inmemory_adg_enabled	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Enable IMC support on ADG
inmemory_automatic_level	String	OFF	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enable Automatic In-Memory management
inmemory_clause_default	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Default in-memory clause for new tables
inmemory_deep_vectorization	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		In-Memory Deep Vectorization Enabled
inmemory_expressions_usage	String	ENABLE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Controls which In-Memory Expressions are populated in-memory
inmemory_force	String	DEFAULT	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Force tables to be in-memory or not
inmemory_graph_algorithm_execution	String	DEFAULT	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Controls the fall-back action of graph algorithm execution if in-memory execution is not possible
inmemory_max_populate_servers	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum inmemory populate servers
inmemory_optimized_arithmetic	String	DISABLE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Controls whether or not DSBs are stored in-memory
inmemory_optimized_date	String	DISABLE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Enables feature to accelerate date queries
inmemory_prefer_xmem_memcompress	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Prefer to store tables with given memcompress levels in xmem
inmemory_prefer_xmem_priority	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Prefer to store tables with given priority levels in xmem
inmemory_query	String	ENABLE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Specifies whether in-memory queries are allowed
inmemory_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		size in bytes of in-memory area
inmemory_trickle_repopulate_servers_percent	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		inmemory trickle repopulate servers percent
inmemory_virtual_columns	String	MANUAL	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Controls which user-defined virtual columns are stored in-memory
inmemory_xmem_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		size in bytes of in-memory xmem area
instance_abort_delay_time	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		time to delay an internal initiated abort (in seconds)
instance_groups	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	list of instance group names
instance_mode	String	READ-WRITE	yes	STATIC	N	N		indicates whether the instance read-only or read-write or read-mostly
instance_name	String	orcl23	yes	STATIC	N	N		instance name supported by the instance
instance_number	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N	basic	instance number
instance_type	String	RDBMS	yes	STATIC	N	N		type of instance to be executed
instant_restore	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		instant repopulation of datafiles
iorm_limit_policy	String	RM_PLAN	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Policy used to compute Exadata IORM limit
ipddb_enable	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Enable IPD/DB data collection
java_jit_enabled	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Java VM JIT enabled
java_max_sessionspace_size	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		max allowed size in bytes of a Java sessionspace
java_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		size in bytes of java pool
java_restrict	String	none	yes	STATIC	N	N		Restrict Java VM Access
java_soft_sessionspace_limit	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		warning limit on size in bytes of a Java sessionspace
job_queue_processes	Integer	8	no (was 4000)	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum number of job queue slave processes
json_behavior	String		yes	SESSION	N	N		control json behaviors
json_expression_check	String	off	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable/disable JSON query statement check
kafka_config_file	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		KSR pub/sub external message bus(KGMPS) CONFIGuration file
large_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		size in bytes of large pool
ldap_directory_access	String	NONE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		RDBMS's LDAP access option
ldap_directory_sysauth	String	no	yes	STATIC	Y	N	basic	OID usage parameter
license_max_sessions	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum number of non-system user sessions allowed
license_max_users	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum number of named users that can be created in the database
license_sessions_warning	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		warning level for number of non-system user sessions
listener_networks	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		listener registration networks
load_without_compile	String	NONE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Load PL/SQL or Database objects without compilation
lob_signature_enable	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		enable lob signature
local_listener	String	LISTENER_ORCL23	no (was )	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		local listener
lock_name_space	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	lock name space used for generating lock names for standby/clone database
lock_sga	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Lock entire SGA in physical memory
lockdown_errors	String	RAISE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Mode to ignore or raise PDB lockdown error
lockfree_reservation	String	ON	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		enable/disable lockfree reservation
log_archive_config	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		log archive config
log_archive_dest	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		archival destination text string
log_archive_dest_1	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y	basic	archival destination #1 text string
log_archive_dest_10	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #10 text string
log_archive_dest_11	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #11 text string
log_archive_dest_12	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #12 text string
log_archive_dest_13	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #13 text string
log_archive_dest_14	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #14 text string
log_archive_dest_15	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #15 text string
log_archive_dest_16	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #16 text string
log_archive_dest_17	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #17 text string
log_archive_dest_18	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #18 text string
log_archive_dest_19	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #19 text string
log_archive_dest_2	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y	basic	archival destination #2 text string
log_archive_dest_20	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #20 text string
log_archive_dest_21	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #21 text string
log_archive_dest_22	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #22 text string
log_archive_dest_23	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #23 text string
log_archive_dest_24	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #24 text string
log_archive_dest_25	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #25 text string
log_archive_dest_26	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #26 text string
log_archive_dest_27	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #27 text string
log_archive_dest_28	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #28 text string
log_archive_dest_29	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #29 text string
log_archive_dest_3	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #3 text string
log_archive_dest_30	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #30 text string
log_archive_dest_31	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #31 text string
log_archive_dest_4	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #4 text string
log_archive_dest_5	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #5 text string
log_archive_dest_6	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #6 text string
log_archive_dest_7	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #7 text string
log_archive_dest_8	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #8 text string
log_archive_dest_9	String		yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #9 text string
log_archive_dest_state_1	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y	basic	archival destination #1 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_10	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #10 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_11	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #11 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_12	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #12 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_13	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #13 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_14	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #14 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_15	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #15 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_16	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #16 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_17	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #17 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_18	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #18 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_19	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #19 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_2	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y	basic	archival destination #2 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_20	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #20 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_21	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #21 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_22	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #22 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_23	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #23 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_24	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #24 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_25	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #25 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_26	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #26 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_27	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #27 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_28	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #28 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_29	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #29 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_3	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #3 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_30	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #30 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_31	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #31 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_4	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #4 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_5	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #5 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_6	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #6 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_7	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #7 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_8	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #8 state text string
log_archive_dest_state_9	String	enable	yes	SESSION	N	Y		archival destination #9 state text string
log_archive_duplex_dest	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		duplex archival destination text string
log_archive_format	String	%t_%s_%r.dbf	yes	STATIC	N	N		archival destination format
log_archive_max_processes	Integer	4	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		maximum number of active ARCH processes
log_archive_min_succeed_dest	Integer	1	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		minimum number of archive destinations that must succeed
log_archive_trace	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Establish archive operation tracing level
log_buffer	Big integer	8486912	yes	STATIC	N	N		redo circular buffer size
log_checkpoint_interval	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		# redo blocks checkpoint threshold
log_checkpoint_timeout	Integer	1800	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Maximum time interval between checkpoints in seconds
log_checkpoints_to_alert	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		log checkpoint begin/end to alert file
log_file_name_convert	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		logfile name convert patterns and strings for standby/clone db
log_redo_prioritization	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enables prioritization of log buffer space for a session
long_module_action	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Use longer module and action
main_workload_type	String	OLTP	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Main workload type
mandatory_user_profile	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enforce Mandatory Password Profile for multitenant database
max_auth_servers	Integer	25	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Maximum size of auth pool
max_columns	String	STANDARD	yes	STATIC	Y	N		maximum number of columns allowed in table or view
max_datapump_jobs_per_pdb	String	AUTO	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum number of concurrent Data Pump Jobs per PDB
max_datapump_parallel_per_job	String	AUTO	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum number of parallel processes per Data Pump Job
max_dispatchers	Integer		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		max number of dispatchers
max_dump_file_size	String	1G	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Maximum size (in bytes) of dump file
max_idle_blocker_time	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum idle time for a blocking session in minutes
max_idle_time	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum session idle time in minutes
max_iops	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MAX IO per second
max_mbps	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MAX MB per second
max_pdbs	Integer	254	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	N		max number of pdbs allowed in CDB or Application ROOT
max_saga_duration	Integer	86400	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		default value for max saga duration
max_shared_servers	Integer		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		max number of shared servers
max_string_size	String	STANDARD	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	N		controls maximum size of VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, and RAW types in SQL
memoptimize_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Size of cache for imoltp buffers
memoptimize_write_area_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		changes memoptimize write area size
memoptimize_writes	String	HINT	yes	SESSION	N	N		write data to IGA without memoptimize_write hint
memory_max_size	Big integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		Maximum memory size
memory_max_target	Big integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		Max size for Memory Target
memory_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Target memory size
memory_target	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Target size of Oracle SGA and PGA memory
mfa_duo_api_host	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA Duo API Host
mfa_oma_iam_domain_url	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA Oracle Mobile Authenticator IAM Domain Url
mfa_sender_email_displayname	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA Sender Email Displayname
mfa_sender_email_id	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA Sender Email Id
mfa_smtp_host	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA SMTP Host
mfa_smtp_port	Integer	587	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		MFA SMTP Port
min_auth_servers	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Minimum size of auth pool
mle_prog_languages	String	all	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Enable Multilingual Engine
multishard_query_data_consistency	String	strong	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		consistency setting for multishard queries
multishard_query_partial_results	String	not allowed	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable partial results for multishard queries
native_blockchain_features	String		yes	STATIC	Y	N		Native block chain enable/disable
nls_calendar	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS calendar system name
nls_comp	String	BINARY	yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS comparison
nls_currency	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS local currency symbol
nls_date_format	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS Oracle date format
nls_date_language	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS date language name
nls_dual_currency	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		Dual currency symbol
nls_iso_currency	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS ISO currency territory name
nls_language	String	AMERICAN	no (was AMERICAN)	SESSION	Y	N	basic	NLS language name
nls_length_semantics	String	BYTE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		create columns using byte or char semantics by default
nls_nchar_conv_excp	String	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		NLS raise an exception instead of allowing implicit conversion
nls_numeric_characters	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS numeric characters
nls_sort	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		NLS linguistic definition name
nls_territory	String	AMERICA	no (was AMERICA)	SESSION	Y	N	basic	NLS territory name
nls_time_format	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		time format
nls_time_tz_format	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		time with timezone format
nls_timestamp_format	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		time stamp format
nls_timestamp_tz_format	String		yes	SESSION	Y	N		timestamp with timezone format
noncdb_compatible	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Non-CDB Compatible
object_cache_max_size_percent	Integer	10	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		percentage of maximum size over optimal of the user session's object cache
object_cache_optimal_size	Integer	51200000	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimal size of the user session's object cache in bytes
ofs_threads	Integer	4	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Number of OFS threads
olap_page_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		size of the olap page pool in bytes
one_step_plugin_for_pdb_with_tde	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Facilitate one-step plugin for PDB with TDE encrypted data
open_cursors	Integer	300	no (was 50)	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	max # cursors per session
open_links	Integer	4	yes	STATIC	Y	N		max # open links per session
open_links_per_instance	Integer	4	yes	STATIC	N	N		max # open links per instance
optimizer_adaptive_plans	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		controls all types of adaptive plans
optimizer_adaptive_reporting_only	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		use reporting-only mode for adaptive optimizations
optimizer_adaptive_statistics	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		controls all types of adaptive statistics
optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselines	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		automatic capture of SQL plan baselines for repeatable statements
optimizer_capture_sql_quarantine	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable automatic creation/update of sql quarantine configuration
optimizer_cross_shard_resiliency	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enables resilient execution of cross shard queries
optimizer_dynamic_sampling	Integer	2	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer dynamic sampling
optimizer_features_enable	String	23.1.0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer plan compatibility parameter
optimizer_ignore_hints	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enables the embedded hints to be ignored
optimizer_ignore_parallel_hints	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enables embedded parallel hints to be ignored
optimizer_index_caching	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer percent index caching
optimizer_index_cost_adj	Integer	100	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer index cost adjustment
optimizer_inmemory_aware	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer in-memory columnar awareness
optimizer_mode	String	ALL_ROWS	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer mode
optimizer_real_time_statistics	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		optimizer real time statistics on conventional DML
optimizer_secure_view_merging	Boolean		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	optimizer secure view merging and predicate pushdown/movearound
optimizer_session_type	String	NORMAL	yes	SESSION	N	N		Controls Auto Index
optimizer_use_invisible_indexes	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Usage of invisible indexes (TRUE/FALSE)
optimizer_use_pending_statistics	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Control whether to use optimizer pending statistics
optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		use of SQL plan baselines for captured sql statements
optimizer_use_sql_quarantine	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable use of sql quarantine
os_authent_prefix	String	ops$	yes	STATIC	N	N		prefix for auto-logon accounts
os_roles	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		retrieve roles from the operating system
outbound_dblink_protocols	String	ALL	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Outbound DBLINK Protocols allowed
parallel_adaptive_multi_user	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	enable adaptive setting of degree for multiple user streams
parallel_degree_limit	String	CPU	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		limit placed on degree of parallelism
parallel_degree_policy	String	MANUAL	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		policy used to compute the degree of parallelism (MANUAL/LIMITED/AUTO/ADAPTIVE)
parallel_execution_message_size	Integer	16384	yes	STATIC	N	N		message buffer size for parallel execution
parallel_force_local	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		force single instance execution
parallel_instance_group	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		instance group to use for all parallel operations
parallel_max_servers	Integer	80	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum parallel query servers per instance
parallel_min_degree	String	1	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		controls the minimum DOP computed by Auto DOP
parallel_min_percent	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	N	N		minimum percent of threads required for parallel query
parallel_min_servers	Integer	4	no (was 0)	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		minimum parallel query servers per instance
parallel_min_time_threshold	String	AUTO	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		threshold above which a plan is a candidate for parallelization (in seconds)
parallel_servers_target	Integer	32	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		instance target in terms of number of parallel servers
parallel_threads_per_cpu	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		number of parallel execution threads per CPU
paranoid_concurrency_mode	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	Y	N		Enable strictly durable query data gets
pdb_file_name_convert	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PDB file name convert patterns and strings for create cdb/pdb
pdb_lockdown	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		pluggable database lockdown profile
pdb_os_credential	String		yes	STATIC	Y	N		pluggable database OS credential to bind
pdb_tde_key_transport_on_rekey	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Enable transport of PDB's TDE key to standby in redo
pdb_template	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PDB template
pdc_file_size	Big integer	4198400	yes	STATIC	N	N		size (in bytes) of the pmem direct commit file
permit_92_wrap_format	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		allow 9.2 or older wrap format in PL/SQL
pga_aggregate_limit	Big integer	2147483648	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		limit of aggregate PGA memory for the instance or PDB
pga_aggregate_target	Big integer	1048576000	no (was 0)	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	Target size for the aggregate PGA memory consumed by the instance
pkcs11_library_location	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		PKCS#11 library location for Transparent Data Encryption
pki_cert_auth_method	String	default	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		PKI Certificate Authentication Method
plscope_settings	String	IDENTIFIERS:NONE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		plscope_settings controls the compile time collection, cross reference, and storage of PL/SQL source code identifier and SQL statement data
plsql_ccflags	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PL/SQL ccflags
plsql_code_type	String	INTERPRETED	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PL/SQL code-type
plsql_debug	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y	deprecated	PL/SQL debug
plsql_function_dynamic_stats	String	PREFERENCE	yes	SESSION	N	N		Perform Dynamic Sampling for PL/SQL functions
plsql_implicit_conversion_bool	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PL/SQL: Implicit conversion for boolean
plsql_optimize_level	Integer	2	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PL/SQL optimize level
plsql_v2_compatibility	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y	deprecated	PL/SQL version 2.x compatibility flag
plsql_warnings	String	DISABLE:ALL	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		PL/SQL compiler warnings settings
pmem_filestore	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		Persistent Memory Filestore list
pre_page_sga	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	pre-page sga for process
priority_txns_high_wait_target	Integer	2147483647	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Auto abort wait for high pri txns
priority_txns_medium_wait_target	Integer	2147483647	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Auto abort wait for medium pri txns
priority_txns_mode	String	ROLLBACK	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Modes for Priority Transactions feature
private_temp_table_prefix	String	ORA$PTT_	yes	SYSTEM def.	Y	Y		Private temporary table prefix
processes	Integer	320	no (was 0)	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	basic	user processes
processor_group_name	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		Name of the processor group that this instance should run in.
query_rewrite_enabled	String	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		allow rewrite of queries using materialized views if enabled
query_rewrite_integrity	String	enforced	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		perform rewrite using materialized views with desired integrity
rdbms_server_dn	String		yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	RDBMS's Distinguished Name
read_only	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	N	N		Restrict WRITE operations in user session
read_only_open_delayed	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		if TRUE delay opening of read only files until first access
recovery_parallelism	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		number of server processes to use for parallel recovery
recyclebin	String	on	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		recyclebin processing
redo_generation_kbps_max	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		redo generation maximum KB/s
redo_transport_user	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Data Guard transport user when using password file
remote_dependencies_mode	String	TIMESTAMP	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		remote-procedure-call dependencies mode parameter
remote_listener	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	remote listener
remote_login_passwordfile	String	EXCLUSIVE	no (was exclusive)	STATIC	N	N	basic	password file usage parameter
remote_os_roles	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		allow non-secure remote clients to use os roles
remote_recovery_file_dest	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	N		default remote database recovery file location for refresh/relocate
replication_dependency_tracking	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	N	N		tracking dependency for Replication parallel propagation
resource_limit	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		master switch for resource limit
resource_manage_goldengate	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		goldengate resource manager enabled
resource_manager_cpu_allocation	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	Resource Manager CPU allocation
resource_manager_cpu_scope	String	INSTANCE_ONLY	yes	STATIC	N	N		scope of CPU resource management
resource_manager_plan	String	SCHEDULER:DEFAULT_MAINTENANCE_PLAN	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		resource mgr top plan
result_cache_auto_blocklist	String	ON	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		whether to run the auto blocklisting algorithm
result_cache_execution_threshold	Integer	2	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		minimum executions before a PL/SQL function is cached
result_cache_integrity	String	TRUSTED	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		result cache deterministic PLSQL functions
result_cache_max_result	Integer	5	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum result size as percent of cache size
result_cache_max_size	Big integer	16252928	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum amount of memory to be used by the cache
result_cache_max_temp_result	Integer	5	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum temp per result as percent of total temp for result cache
result_cache_max_temp_size	Big integer	162529280	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		maximum amount of temp space to be used
result_cache_mode	String	MANUAL	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		result cache operator usage mode
result_cache_remote_expiration	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		maximum life time (min) for any result using a remote object
resumable_timeout	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		set resumable_timeout
rman_restore_file_storage_metadata	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		restore file's storage metadata
rollback_segments	String		yes	STATIC	Y	N		undo segment list
row_movement_default	String	DISABLED	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Default row movement behavior
run_addm_for_awr_report	String	NONE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		types of AWR snapshots for which ADDM can be run inside AWR report
saga_hist_retention	Integer	43200	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		default value for retention of completed sagas
saga_msg_framework	String	classic_queue	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Queue type used in SAGA infrastructure
scheduler_follow_pdbtz	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Make scheduler objects follow PDB TZ
sec_max_failed_login_attempts	Integer	3	yes	STATIC	N	N		maximum number of failed login attempts on a connection
sec_protocol_error_further_action	String	(DROP,3)	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		TTC protocol error continue action
sec_protocol_error_trace_action	String	TRACE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		TTC protocol error action
sec_return_server_release_banner	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		whether the server retruns the complete version information
serial_reuse	String	disable	yes	STATIC	N	N	deprecated	reuse the frame segments
service_names	String	orcl23	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		service names supported by the instance
session_cached_cursors	Integer	50	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Number of cursors to cache in a session.
session_exit_on_package_state_error	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Request session to exit when PL/SQL package state is discarded
session_max_open_files	Integer	10	yes	STATIC	N	N		maximum number of open files allowed per session
sessions	Integer	504	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	user and system sessions
sga_max_size	Big integer	3154116608	yes	STATIC	N	N		max total SGA size
sga_min_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Minimum, guaranteed size of PDB's SGA
sga_target	Big integer	0	no (was 0)	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	Target size of SGA
shadow_core_dump	String	partial	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Core Size for Shadow Processes
shard_apply_max_memory_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		SNR Apply max memory size in bytes
shard_enable_raft_follower_read	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable read from follower replications units in a shard
shard_queries_restricted_by_key	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		add shard key predicates to the query
shard_raft_logfile_size	Big integer	1073741824	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		size of raft log file in byte
shared_memory_address	Integer	0	yes	STATIC	N	N		SGA starting address (low order 32-bits on 64-bit platforms)
shared_pool_reserved_size	Big integer	61069066	yes	STATIC	N	N		size in bytes of reserved area of shared pool
shared_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		size in bytes of shared pool
shared_server_sessions	Integer		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		max number of shared server sessions
shared_servers	Integer	1	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	number of shared servers to start up
shrd_dupl_table_refresh_rate	Integer	60	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		duplicated table refresh rate (in seconds)
skip_unusable_indexes	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		skip unusable indexes if set to TRUE
smtp_out_server	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		utl_smtp server and port configuration parameter
soda_behavior	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		control soda behaviors
sort_area_retained_size	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		size of in-memory sort work area retained between fetch calls
sort_area_size	Integer	65536	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		size of in-memory sort work area
spatial_vector_acceleration	Boolean	TRUE	no (was TRUE)	SESSION	Y	Y		enable spatial vector acceleration
spfile	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/dbs/spfileorcl23.o…	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		server parameter file
sql92_security	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	Y	N		require select privilege for searched update/delete
sql_error_mitigation	String	on	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enables automatic error mitigation
sql_history_enabled	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		SQL Query History is enabled when TRUE
sql_trace	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y	deprecated	enable SQL trace
sql_transpiler	String	OFF	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Enable SQL transpiler
sqltune_category	String	DEFAULT	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Category qualifier for applying hintsets
ssl_wallet	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		ssl_wallet
standby_db_preserve_states	String	NONE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Preserve state cross standby role transition
standby_file_management	String	MANUAL	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		if auto then files are created/dropped automatically on standby
standby_parse_limit_seconds	Integer	300	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Standby parse time limit (seconds)
standby_pdb_source_file_dblink	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		database link to standby source files
standby_pdb_source_file_directory	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		standby source file directory location
star_transformation_enabled	String	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y	basic	enable the use of star transformation
statement_redirect_service	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		statement redirect service
statistics_level	String	TYPICAL	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		statistics level
streams_pool_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		size in bytes of the streams pool
sysdate_at_dbtimezone	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		use DB timezone while computing sysdate and systimestamp value
tablespace_encryption	String	MANUAL_ENABLE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Tablepsace encryption in hybrid ADG
tablespace_encryption_default_algorithm	String	AES256	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		default tablespace encryption block cipher mode
tablespace_encryption_default_cipher_mode	String	XTS	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		default tablespace encryption block cipher mode
tape_asynch_io	Boolean	TRUE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Use asynch I/O requests for tape devices
target_pdbs	Integer	5	yes	STATIC	N	N		Parameter is a hint to adjust certain attributes of the CDB
tde_configuration	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Per-PDB configuration for Transparent Data Encryption
tde_key_cache	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Enable caching of TDE intermediate key
temp_undo_enabled	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		is temporary undo enabled
thread	Integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Redo thread to mount
threaded_execution	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Threaded Execution Mode
time_at_dbtimezone	String	off	yes	STATIC	Y	N		use DB timezone when computing current time
timed_os_statistics	Integer	0	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		internal os statistic gathering interval in seconds
timed_statistics	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		maintain internal timing statistics
timezone_version_upgrade_integrity	String	enforced	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		perform DST upgrade leveraging constraints with desired integrity
timezone_version_upgrade_online	Boolean	FALSE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		enable/disable time zone version upgrade online
trace_enabled	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		enable in memory tracing
tracefile_content_classification	String	DEFAULT	yes	STATIC	N	N		enable output of trace record security label prefix
tracefile_identifier	String		yes	SESSION	N	N		trace file custom identifier
transaction_recovery	String	ENABLED	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	Transaction recovery is enabled when set to ENABLED
transactions	Integer	554	yes	STATIC	N	N		max. number of concurrent active transactions
transactions_per_rollback_segment	Integer	5	yes	STATIC	N	N		number of active transactions per rollback segment
true_cache	Boolean	FALSE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Enable True Cache
true_cache_config	String		yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		True cache config
txn_auto_rollback_high_priority_wait_target	Integer	2147483647	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	Auto abort wait for high pri txns
txn_auto_rollback_medium_priority_wait_target	Integer	2147483647	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	Auto abort wait for medium pri txns
txn_auto_rollback_mode	String	ROLLBACK	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	deprecated	Modes for Priority Transactions feature
txn_priority	String	HIGH	yes	SESSION	N	N		Priority of a transaction in a session
undo_management	String	AUTO	yes	STATIC	Y	N		instance runs in SMU mode if TRUE, else in RBU mode
undo_retention	Integer	900	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		undo retention in seconds
undo_tablespace	String	UNDOTBS1	no (was NONE)	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y	basic	use/switch undo tablespace
unified_audit_common_systemlog	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		Syslog facility and level for only common unified audit records
unified_audit_systemlog	String		yes	SYSTEM def.	Y	Y		Syslog facility and level for Unified Audit
unified_audit_trail_exclude_columns	String	NONE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		Exclude columns from unified_audit_trail
uniform_log_timestamp_format	Boolean	TRUE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		use uniform timestamp formats vs pre-12.2 formats
use_dedicated_broker	String	NONE	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y		Use dedicated connection broker
use_large_pages	String	TRUE	yes	STATIC	N	N		Use large pages if available (TRUE/FALSE/ONLY)
user_dump_dest	String	/u01/app/oracle/product/23.26.3/dbhome_1/rdbms/log	yes	SYSTEM imm.	N	Y	deprecated	User process dump directory
vector_index_neighbor_graph_reload	String	RESTART	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		specifies whether HNSW reload is enabled
vector_memory_size	Big integer	0	yes	SYSTEM imm.	Y	Y		size in bytes of vector memory area
vector_query_capture	String	ON	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Specifies whether vector query capture is enabled
wallet_root	String		yes	STATIC	N	N		wallet root instance initialization parameter
workarea_size_policy	String	AUTO	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		policy used to size SQL working areas (MANUAL/AUTO)
xml_client_side_decoding	String	true	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		enable/disable xml client-side decoding
xml_db_events	String	enable	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		are XML DB events enabled
xml_handling_of_invalid_chars	String	raise_error	yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Handle invalid chars during xmlelement
xml_params	String		yes	SESSION	Y	Y		Parameters to alter xml behavior